France
Jacques Panijel joins the Resistance at the age of 19. Patron of the Rhône-Alpes creates the S.N.M. (National Service Maquis) in 1943 whose objective is to train NCOs to welcome averse S.T.O. He was awarded the Military Cross of the Legion of Honour and the Rosette of Resistance after spending one year at the War Department as Head of the 1er Bureau. He published in 1948 by Éditions de Minuit, a novel called The Rage, inspired by his experience of the years of resistance where it highlights the opportunity to engage in physical action while being an intellectual. He takes an active part in the political struggle against the war in Algeria. He is a signatory of the Manifesto of the 121. In 1960, he created the underground newspaper Vérité-Liberté with Robert Barrat, Pierre Vidal-Naquet and Paul Thibaud1. After the massacre of 17 October 1961 he made the film October in Paris, based on interviews with victims of the repression.
